Collection, identification and dissection of tsetse flies week 02 to 6th february 2015 date start duration matters trainer speaker monday 02 february 9h 3h trip to the field collection site vet. Permethrinimpregnated clothing and insect repellent have not been proved to be particularly effective against tsetse flies, but they will prevent other insect bites that can cause illness. Some sources recommend avoiding overly bright colors as well. In 2008, the gou was informed that the government of ethiopia would not be able to supply the said tsetse flies within the project period and in consultation with the bank, the design was changed to focus on use of aerial spraying instead.
Distribution and abundance of trypanosome subgenus. The locations within these probability maps where the fly was predicted to be 50 percent of the. Developing a continental atlas of the distribution and. Blue and black plastic sheeting of a specific colour is shaped into a tentlike structure, and in each trap a specially formulated liquid is placed. There are six major texts in english devoted principally to tsetse flies buxton, 1955, glasgow, 1963, nash, 1969, ford, 1971, jordan, 1986, leak, 1998. As said above they are often found in pockets and you can then rush through the pocket. They are the insect vectors of some serious diseases they have been studied a lot because they can spread sleeping sickness and other diseases the genus glossina has about 34 species in three groups of species. Tsetse find their hosts in large part through olfactory cues, but little is known about the cellular basis of olfaction in these flies. The word tsetse means fly in tswana, and refers to all 23 species of the fly genus glossina.
Tsetse flies pose a major threat to the health and economy of subsaharan africa. They are the insect vectors of some serious diseases. Together, tsetse flies exist in over 10 million km 2 and span over 37 countries. Seasonal variation of tsetse fly species abundance and. General morphology glossina species are tan or brown flies, ranging in length from 6 to 14 mm, excluding the proboscis tubular mouthpart in invertebrates used for feeding. The credit for achieving this commendable result belongs to a team of people led by keith sones, who conceived, designed and organised the event. Control of african trypanosomiasis rests on two strategies. They have been studied a lot because they can spread sleeping sickness and other diseases. Field data collected since january 1990 are included, with a focus on occurrence, apparent density and infection rates of tsetse flies. Throughout this area the disease transmitted by the tsetse fly, trypanosomosis, has a devastating effect on livestock and man.
Along with the macrohabitat, it is also important to know which are the microhabitats of tsetse flies. Tsetse flies are of paramount importance in africa because of their role as vectors of trypano some infections of man and domestic animals, which have had a profound effect on the economy and development of that continent fig. An example from the world of tsetse flies article pdf available in mathematical biosciences and engineering 103. Annual report 195657, nairobi, government printer, p. To inspect for tsetse flies, a cunning trap is used. Of these, the complete removal of bush cover will always effectively eradicate tsetse flies, but in order to save time, labour and money, partial clearing selective or discriminative is more usually resorted to.
Baits now are used widely to replace air and ground broadcasting of insecticides. Tsetse flies are large biting flies that live in the tropical regions of africa. Trypanosomatidae and as such, are of great medical and economic importance. Tsetse fly control in kenyas spatially and temporally dynamic control reservoirs. Goats and soda for some unknown reason, the insects that transmit sleeping sickness in subsaharan africa are attracted to the color blue. Symptoms include fatigue, high fever, headaches, and muscle aches. Tsetse flies are most unusual insects because of their exclusively haematophagous feeding habits and reproductive biology. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. Mapping the distribution and abundance of tsetse flies assists.
They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly glossina genus bites which. Listen to the audio pronunciation in the cambridge english dictionary. Tsetse flies are regarded as a major cause of rural poverty in subsaharan africa because they prevent mixed farming. All are exclusively haematophagous and confined to subsaharan africa. Temporal abundance of tsetse flies was estimated by monthly sampling for a period of 15 months in 2014 and 2015 in the village of emboreet, which borders tarangire national park figure 1. Female tsetse flies feed on a wide range of animal blood, and produce mature larvae which develop within a uterus. New tool to fight deadly tsetse fly the new york times. We examine the ethics of tsetse fly elimination by considering. This method gives by no means an idea of the true fly density but makes it possible to observe fluctuations in the density of the flies over time. Some types of tsetse fly can be caught with traps that use artificial odours to lure them in. Cape town the mammoth task of controlling tsetse flies, which spread sleeping sickness, in subsaharan africa could be made cheaper with the development of a more efficient insecticidetreated trap. The tool will instantly upload and transform the file into a pdf.
Tsetse flies as vectors with diagram biology discussion. A proposal for tsetse fly glossina genome projects. Tsetsefly control and eradication pubmed central pmc. Tsetse flies study guide by mcka includes 20 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. The flies are vectors for the disease nagana, also known as african animal trypanosomiasis aat, in wild and domestic animals, and a similar disease among humans that is known as sleeping sickness, or human african trypanosomiasis hat. In the heat of the day, tsetse flies often take a rest. African trypanosomiasis african sleeping sickness disease. Both wigglesworthia and sodalis are thought to be symbiotic by contributing bcomplex vitamins that are lacking in the bloodonly diet of the tsetse and longevity is reduced in flies lacking these symbionts. People who live in or are traveling to subsaharan africa avoid tsetse flies because they bite, and can transmit the parasite trypanosoma brucei which causes human african trypanosomiasis hat, also referred to as african sleeping sickness. It had long been known that domestic stock could not be kept where tsetse flies occurred and that disease was associated with the flies. Tsetse flies thrive in an optimum temperature of 27 c, and even though some species inhabit the same ecological niche, these species coexist since vary in the times they reproduce and are abundant. All tsetse species are capable of transmitting humaninfective trypanosomes.
The tsetse fly vector transmits the protozoan trypanosoma brucei, responsible for human african. Improved attractants for enhancing tsetse fly suppression. With that knowledge, they hope to find new ways to. The case of the tsetse fly oxford academic journals. Microhabitats are suitable places for a species that can be depicted at a finer resolution. Over 0 glossina pallidipes tsetse flies were collected during two field studies in the zambezi valley, zimbabwe and one in the luangwa valley, zambia. The best way to avoid being a target is to take your packing list one step further.
Below is an map from a study done by rogers and randolph in 1986. Arthropod vectors tsetse flies 1 p a g e tsetse flies author. For whatever reason, tsetse flies seem to be attracted to specific colors, in particular black and most shades of blue including denim. Glossinidae are an ancient taxon of one genus, glossina, and limited species diversity. Nov 28, 2016 the tsetse fly is attracted to bright colors, very dark colors, metallic fabric, and the color blue. Not sure how i posted to the wrong forum, here we go. A proposal for tsetse fly glossina genome projects april 2010. Tsetse fly, genus glossina, any of about two to three dozen species of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family, muscidae order diptera, that occur only in africa and transmit sleeping sickness african trypanosomiasis in humans and a similar disease called nagana in domestic animals.
Tsetse fly abundance, trypanosome prevalence, and climate data collection. There are three extant subgenera, austenina townsend, nemorhina robineaudesvoidy, and glossina wiedemann that correspond to the fusca, palpalis, and morsitans species groups respectively. The authors use a quantitative modelling framework to describe and explore the features of the biology of tsetse flies glossina spp. Aug 04, 2015 in the fight against tsetse flies, blue is the new black. These were screened for mature trypanosome infections and 234 dot. Control tsetse fly control is only one of the trypanosomosis control methods and not always the most adequate. Trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t. Tsetse flies feed on the blood of vertebrate animals including humans and in doing so, transmit the sleeping sickness parasite from infected animals to uninfected ones.
Author summary trypanosomiasis is a vectorborne disease transmitted to both humans and animals by the tsetse fly. The tsetse vector is distributed across subsaharan africa. For a variety of reasons, game destruction as a method of fly control is gradually being replaced by other methods. Pdf a colour opponent model that explains tsetse fly attraction. This contains compounds that are found in the breath of herbivorous animals that bloodsucking flies like to bite. The tsetse fly is attracted to bright colors, very dark colors, metallic fabric, and the color blue.
Anyway to address the original post, tsetse flies are terrible little creatures. In the fight against tsetse flies, blue is the new black. Kruger park times bloodsucking flies in kruger inspected. The below mentioned article provides notes on tsetse flies as vectors. Browse 189 tsetse fly stock photos and images available, or search for mosquito or black mamba to find more great stock photos and pictures. Tsetse flies are largely responsible for an uneven. Collection, identification and dissection of tsetse flies. In kenya has shown that the tsetse fly hide and breed in thickets.
Trypanosomiasis maintenance is determined by the interrelationship of three elements. The deposited, fullgrown larva buries itself in the ground and pupates. Mapping is carried out at the level of sitelocation. Tsetse flies are host to a number of intracellular symbionts. African trypanosomiasis, also called african sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease spread by the tsetse fly. They infest a variety of habitats in 38 african countries, ranging from wooded savannas to forests and. In some species the abdomen has alternate darker and lighter bands. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. We are in the planning stage of a 2 weeks safari trip to the northern circuit for mid to end august next year. Prevention of sleeping sickness requires avoiding contact with the tsetse fly. Tsetse flies as vectors of humaninfective trypanosomes. Tsetses are found abundantly in forests and along the edges of lakes and rivers in central africa.
Because tsetse flies disappeared from north america millions of years ago cockerell 1907, tsetse fly distribution is presently restricted to africa. Tsetse, also tsetse fly, common name for any of several african bloodsucking insects. Analysis of hostoriented behavior of tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans westw. This article provides information on making a tsetse fly trap to control these pest flies as part of a drought management strategy in tsetse fly invaded areas. Training manual food and agriculture organization of the united. Impact of glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus.
Sites were selected through stratified random subsampling of the major vegetation types in the area bouyer et al. Nov 08, 2011 im headed for tanzania this week to see the wildebeest migration in the serengeti. Safarieyes, would love to know which repeleant works on tsetse. The genus glossina has about 34 species in three groups of species. The causative agents of the disease are protozoan parasites of the genus trypanosoma that live and multiply extracellularly in blood and tissue fluids of their mammalian hosts and are transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies glossina sp. Tsetse fly control in kenyas spatially and temporally. Apr 25, 2014 after 10 years of effort, a team led by scientists at yale has finally decoded the genes of the tsetse fly, a bloodsucking scourge of africa. Compress, edit or modify the output file, if necessary. Tsetse flies can be grouped into three main subgroups depending on the environment they inhabit. Wigglesworthia glossinidius, wolbachia pipientis and sodalis glossinidius. Significance of tsetse and trypanosomosis in subsaharan africa tsetse flies infest 36 african countries and a total land area of at least 8.
The land infested with tsetse flies is often cultivated by people using hoes rather than more efficient draught animals because nagana, the disease transmitted by tsetse, weakens and often kills these animals. Glossina species are tan or brown flies, ranging in length from 6 to 14 mm, excluding the proboscis tubular mouthpart in invertebrates used for feeding. Continentwide eradication of tsetse flies, as was proposed by the pattec program, would result in the extinction of the entire tsetse fly family glossinidaea, including 31 species and subspecies. Adult bloodfeeding tsetse flies, trypanosomes, microbiota. Tsetse flies have recently been targeted by a panafrican eradication.
Tsetse flies, being the vector of human and animal trypanosomosis, constitute one of the major health and agricultural livelihood constraints of subsaharan africa. They transmit trypanosomes that cause african sleeping sickness in humans and a disease called nagana in livestock. Tsetse adults are characterised by several distinctive morphological features. The adults range in length from 6 to 14 mm and in all the 23 known species are various shades of brown ranging from light yellowish brown to dark blackish brown. Tsetse fliesvectors of trypanosomiasis tsetse is a setswana wordit means fly destructive to cattle. Pdf tsetse flies are the sole vectors of human african trypanosomiasis throughout subsaharan africa. The relocation of hundreds of elephants to malawis largest wildlife reserve was meant to be a sign of hope and renewal in this. Tsetse flies are brown insects, 1 to 2 cm long, which feed solely on the blood of vertebrate animals. Tsetse flies are of paramount importance in africa because of their role as vectors of trypano some infections of man and domestic animals, which have had a profound effect on the economy and development of. Different species of glossina may carry specific forms of trypanosoma which vary in their virulence and periodicity. African trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease of humans and animals of similar aetiology and epidemiology. Tsetse fly simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The glossina are the principal vectors of african trypanosomes trypanosoma sp kinetoplastida.
The palpalis and the morsitans group species are small to medium in size 6. Arthropod vectors tsetse flies 2 p a g e fly round zambia the fly catchers move along this path, stop at welldefined points and capture during a fixed period the tsetse flies which are attracted. This situation has not arisen by chance the tsetse has evolved an efficient defence system against trypanosome invasion. Odor coding in the antenna of the tsetse fly glossina. The glossinidae, or tsetseflies, form a monogeneric family of the diptera. The ahp workshop, recent advances in livestock keeperbased tsetse control. Ive been bitten by tsetse flies before and want to minimize my exposure. Pdf converter convert files to and from pdfs free online. Pdf genome sequence of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. Pdf palpalis group tsetse flies are the major vectors of human african trypanosomiasis, and visuallyattractive targets and traps are important. The importance of ecological studies in the control of tsetse flies. Tsetse flies are classified into a single genus glossina weidemann 1830.